![]() Singers may perform as soloists or accompanied by anything from a single instrument (as in art song or some jazz styles) up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists. Singers perform music ( arias, recitatives, songs, etc.) that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist (in jazz and/or popular music). ![]() u.Singing is the act of creating musical sounds with the voice. Keywords: Old Germanic languages, sound change, a-umlaut, phonologization, Older Runic, Prague School linguistics, PHONEMIC split, Polivanov’s Law The chapter seeks to explain this state of affairs, which is in apparent conflict with ‘Polivanov’s Law’, which states there is ‘no split without a merger, that is sound-changes that add to the inventory of phonemes are always triggered by a phonemic merger (including with zero, i.e. However, such forms in the Older Runic language (c.150 to 500 AD) as horna (Gallehus), worahto (Tune) holtijaR (Gallehus), dohtriR (Tune) call this account into question by showing the change with the supposed conditioning factors intact. Up to then, the allophones were in complementary distribution. The standard view sees the change as an instance of secondary split, phonologized by the loss of one of the conditioning factors, short a, from final syllables, thus: nom. The main structural effect of North-West-Germanic ‘a-umlaut’ - which involved shuffling the allophones of /i/, /e/ and /u/ depending on the following environment - was creation of the phoneme short /o/, split from Proto-Germanic /u/, as in Old High German gold “gold” beside guldīn “golden”. 17 The rules of politeness and Latin request formulae.16 praetor urbanus – urbanus praetor: some aspects of attributive adjective placement in Latin.Part VI Synchronic laws and rules in syntax and sociolinguistics.15 Kiparsky's Rule, thematic nasal presents, and athematic verba vocalia in Greek.14 Brugmann's Law: the problem of Indo‐Iranian thematic nouns and adjectives.11 Origins of the Greek law of limitation.10 Schrijver's rules for British and Proto‐Celtic *‐ou̯‐ and *‐uu̯‐ before a vowel. ![]() 9 Regular sound change and word‐initial */i̯/‐ in Armenian. ![]()
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